Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe - 1294 Words

A common societal problem is the obsession over masculinity and femininity. Society is confused about what it actually means to be masculine and feminine. In the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the protagonist character, Okonkwo, was so obsessed over masculinity that he was willing to sabotage relationships with friends, family and community members to prove his manliness. There are many theories to why societies have problems with masculinity and femininity. Okonkwo’s obsession with masculinity and femininity is deeply rooted in the biology of men and women, the psychological influence of his upbringing, and the Igbo tribe’s cultural. While men and women are very similar, there are differences. Biology influences how men and women behave and think. Women are more nurturing and are more intimate and men are more aggressive and distant. These traits affect the daily lives of many men and women. When girls play, they are more intimate. In contrast when boys play, they participate in larger activities and are subsequently less intimate. In friendships, women are more relationship oriented, they welcome help, and are more emotionally linked to their friends. In contrast, men are task oriented and less intimate. An example of this is when women and men talk on the phone, men talk for shorter times and women talk longer. Men are concerned with what needs to be done and what must be done. There are many different aspects that men and women differ on and psychologistShow MoreRelatedThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1415 Words   |  6 Pagesbook Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe does just that. This book should be taught in schools because it shows the values and traditions of Achebe’s Igbo culture, persistently teaches life lessons throughout the book, and shows the darker reality of European colonialism in Africa. Chinua Achebe is known as one of the most influential and famous authors to ever write. Chinua Achebe originates from an Igbo background and he expresses that through his writings very well including Things Fall ApartRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe1324 Words   |  6 Pages Chinua Achebe chose to write his novels in English to reveal a deep response of his people to colonisation and to make that response understood to people all over the world. Things Fall Apart was written in English to teach people worldwide of the struggles he faced and the people of Nigeria faced growing up. Many authors and critics have written about Achebe’s ‘Things fall apart’ adding their valued opinion on what he was trying to say and his decision to write in English. In the followingRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe Essay1203 Words   |  5 Pages who took their land for monetary gain. This was a dark period of time for Africans that live there. The U.S. Civil War and The Great Depression both can be related, in this instance, to how down their people were because of what happened. Chinua Achebe said it best, â€Å"I would be quite satisfied if my novels...did no more than teach my readers of their past...was not a long night of savagery from which the first European acting on God’s behalf delivered them†(qtd. in â€Å"Morning Yet† 45). In theRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1452 Words   |  6 Pagesassume control over the Roman Empire. However, imperialism in Africa remained a recorded element from 1750 to 1945. This paper visits how control and changes were influences over the Africans during this time period as seen through Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart. (UKEssays, 2015) Europe was experiencing a few financial and political changes that forced the major European forces to investigate abroad regions to add to their resources during the seventeenth century. In order for the EuropeanRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe2361 Words   |  10 PagesThings Fall Apart Book Critique Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a historical fiction novel describing the life of Okonkwo in a Nigerian village succumbing to European ways, in order to portray Achebe’s view on imperialism. It was chosen for us to read by our teacher because it describes imperialism and its effects in an Ibo village of Nigeria. It also shows the treatment of natives by the Europeans and how the natives reacted. Things Fall Apart is useful to our course of studies because itRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1265 Words   |  6 PagesThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is markedly relevant to our current course of studies in World History, as it tells a story based on European Imperialism in Africa. Coming off the heels of our Imperialism unit, this post-colonial novel provides very helpful context on different civilizations’ perspectives throughout the Age of Imperialism; aside from analyzing death tolls, descriptions of conflicts, and names of countries, it was previousl y hard to envision what life was actually like during thatRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe 735 Words   |  3 PagesThings fall apart. Achebe. Ernest Gaines once said, â€Å"I write to try to find out who I am. One of my main themes is manliness. I think Im trying to figure out what manliness really is.† Indeed, every society or culture has its own understanding of an ideal man. Even though these characteristics are different in various parts of the world, the significance of masculinity can never be overestimated. â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe is considered as one of the best examples of a riseRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe692 Words   |  3 Pagesthe way to go. Through commercial trading Islam spread into Igboland, and this led to more Igbo people leaving the Igbo way of life for another, whether it be Islam or Christianity which divide the country in two. In the novel Things Fall Apart written by Chinua Achebe British colonialism and the migration of Muslims to Nigeria led to the change in the faith, social and economic changes in the Igbo society. Traditional Igbo faith believes that there is only one creator or god known as ChinekeRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe897 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel, â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe the Igbo tradition revolves around structured gender role. Everything essential of Igbo life is based on their gender, which throughout the novel it shows the role of women and the position they hold, from their role in the family household, also planting women crops, to bearing children. Although the women were claimed to be weaker and seemed to be treated as objects, in the Igbo culture the women still provided qualities that make them worthyRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe Essay1851 Words   |  8 Pageschoice and styles are critical not only to the reader’s understanding of the text but to his appreciation as well. How language is effectively manipulated in their writings enhances the reader’s valuing of the works. The selected novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a representation of Igbo culture and their language. It explores the life of an Igbo tribe at the time of when colonization hit Africa. It could be considered as a post-colonial text, as the protagonist of the story and the other

Is Capital Punishment Ethical Essay - 2408 Words

Capital punishment is a difficult subject for a lot of people because many question whether or not it is ethical to kill a convicted criminal. In order to critically analyze whether or not it is ethical, I will look at the issue using a utilitarianism approach because in order to get a good grasp of this topic we need to look at how the decision will impact us in the future. The utilitarianism approach will help us to examine this issue and see what some of the consequences are with this topic of capital punishment. For years, capital punishment has been used against criminals and continues to be used today, but lately this type of punishment has come into question because of the ethical question. On the one hand, people who oppose the†¦show more content†¦Clarify Concepts Before jumping right into the topic, it is important to clarify a few key concepts and words that are often used when discussing capital punishment. Capital punishment refers to the concept of ending a suspected criminals life, and the methods that are typically used are: lethal injection, gas chamber, and the electric chair. The two most commonly used are lethal injection and the gas chamber. Neither act is considered better or worse, because ultimately they end with the same result. However, the alternative to these types of punishment is long-term imprisonment. Many anti-death penalty advocates argue that long-term imprisonment is by far the best course of action, because it allows for the possibility that if a mistake was made in the conviction of the suspect, they would be able to correct it without ending the life of an innocent person. Identify the Problem Now, in order to truly look at the topic at hand, I feel that it is necessary to examine a few different viewpoints when it comes to this ethical issue. These viewpoints are called deontological, and utilitarianism. Each approach provides a unique look in the idea of capital punishment and will help to look at the consequences at the present time, as well as in the future. The question of whether it is ethically acceptable to take the life of someone is at the heartShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment : Is It Ethical?983 Words   |  4 Pagesdeals with people’s morals and ethical views there are people who agree and disagree with what is and is not ethical. The death penalty is one of these things that people cannot agree whether it is ethical to do or not. My article focuses on how big names in politics feel about capital punishment and whether they stand for it or not. Capital punishment is when someone commits a horrible crime they can be put on death ro w, and then they will be killed as punishment for the crime that they have committedRead MoreAn Ethical Analysis Of Against Capital Punishment1392 Words   |  6 PagesAn Ethical Analysis against Capital Punishment Introduction This paper compares and contrasts the two different ethical perspectives for and against Capital Punishment. Capital Punishment is a very sensitive subject because it touches on many important topics such as justice, costs, humaneness and religion. People have different perspectives on these topics so it’s hard for everyone to agree on what we think the right thing is. Justice Most people that are for Capital Punishment believe that â€Å"JusticeRead MoreThe Ethical Issue Of The Act Of Capital Punishment On Prisoners1422 Words   |  6 PagesEssay My topic is discussing the ethical issue of the act of capital punishment on prisoners who have committed serious crimes. According to www.amnesty.org there are hidden executions that are taking place across the world. These countries include South and North Korea as well as America. In 2001 there were 3,048 reported cases in 31 countries. 90% of the deaths occurred in four countries. China carried out 2,468 executions. Iran killed 139 people, Saudi Arabia 79 and the United States had 66.Read MoreAristotle And Confucius Maintained An Ethical Position On Capital Punishment967 Words   |  4 PagesBoth Aristotle and Confucius maintained an ethical position concerning capital punishment. While we can safely assume Aristotle believed capital punishment is appropriate under certain circumstances, Confucius generally argued against the death penalty. Nevertheless, both ethical viewpoints find some common ground where capital punishment can be justified. Aristotle s theory of justice offers an outline for a system of justice, of which the death penalty for appropriate crimes is acceptable. HisRead MoreEssay on Ethical and Historical Analysis of Capital Punishment1545 Words   |  7 PagesCapital Punishment â€Å"[dates] as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which codified [Capital Punishment] for 25 different crimes,† so it is no surprise that it is still used today (â€Å"Early Death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1). In the U.S, Capital Punishment has been legalized in 32 states since 1996. Capital Punishment is not as inhumane as it sounds; it is limited under the 8th amendment in the U.S. Contrary to most beliefs, Capital Punishment is not used on every case of rapistsRead MoreExamine the Ethical Issue on Capital Punishment and Discuss the Extent Which It Should Be Allowed.1867 Words   |  8 PagesQuestion: Examine the ethical issue on capital punishment and discuss the extent to which i t should be allowed. We live in a society where killing is deemed and known as unethical and immoral, and this is because of society’s condemnation of death. We are bounded by a set of guidelines, a social contract, and these common guidelines create boundaries – boundaries that determine how the law is formed, what is wrong and what is right, benefitting the majority of the society. By having this socialRead MoreThe Importance Of Capital Punishment In The United States990 Words   |  4 Pages2017). Although the State of California has the highest number of inmates awaiting execution, California has only utilized capital punishment thirteen times since the 1972 Supreme Court moratorium on capital punishment was lifted in 1976 (Statistics, 2017). According to the Death Penalty Information Center (2017), race plays a role in determining sentencing in capital punishment cases (p. 11). Thus, in the State of California and Washington State, jurors were three times as likely to recommend theRead MorePros And Cons Of Capital Punishment1471 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Capital punishment is one of the most controversial ethical issues that our country faces these days. Capital punishment is the legal penalty of death for a person that has performed heinous acts in the eyes of the judicial system. Discussion on whether capital punishment is humane or considered cruel and unusual punishment has been the main issue this of debate for years. Recent discussion goes far beyond the act itself but now brings into question whether medical personal shouldRead MorePersuasive Essay On Capital Punishment921 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment is a controversial debate in the United States. Many Americans believe that the death penalty is immoral because of its ethical complications. Still others believe that capital punishment is a cheaper and quicker way for justice to be served. When the government houses inmates, vast amounts of money are spent on food, medication, and clothing for inmates to survive in prison. Yet, the majority of America still allows for the practice of capital punishment in several manners suchRead MoreCapital Punishment: Should it be Legal? Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment: Should it be Legal? After the Timothy McVeigh execution over 80 percent of viewers polled supported the decision the courts made to put McVeigh to death, and even a handful of the people who supported the execution thought it was preformed in a way that was too humane. Some people say that the death penalty is the most effective way to control serious crimes such as murder, while others say that it is extremely unethical and should not be legal in a country as developed as

Elizabethan London free essay sample

This paper looks at the changes that occurred in London during the reign of Elizabeth the first. This paper gives a brief description London during the Elizabethan age. It discusses the life of the residents having to deal with hardships such as cholera and hunger. It explains that the world was on the brink of modernization and how this effected life in the capital. It also looks at the changes that Elizabeth tried to introduce judicially and politically. From the paper: We can gain an idea of the tenor of the Elizabethan Age by looking at the changes that occurred in her own capital city, in its growth and in its problems. By the time the Tudors became the reigning family of Great Britain, London was already an ancient city. It had grown up by this point from three separate centers: the walled settlement founded by the Romans on the banks of the Thames in the 1st century AD (which is the area of the city known today as ?the Square Mile? or more often simply as ?the City?; the suburb of Southwark, which faces the City across the bridge on the lower gravels of the south bank of the Thames; and the City of Westminster

Gandhi 2 Essay Research Paper Mohunduras Ghandi free essay sample

Gandhi 2 Essay, Research Paper Mohunduras Ghandi: His Critical Role in India # 8217 ; s Independence Mohunduras Ghandi was a adult male that the universe idea could neer be. He believed strongly in all things that were good, and to him, there were no two ways about it. Leading the Indian people spiritually and morally, he inspired them to contend for Home Rule in which they achieved. He gave them bravery to contend against Britain, and to work along side of the Muslims. The Congress, supported by Gandhi, and the Muslim League were antonyms but Gandhi insisted that they work along side each other. He tried, and to an extent they did, but the terminal consequence was an independent Pakistan for the Muslim League, and an independent India for the Congress. Mohunduras Gandhi was the nisus force behind India to go an independent state. In 1945, a alteration in the British authorities occurred. The Labour Party took office in England holding a clear bulk over the other parties. This meant that covering with India now could be a precedence but it was hard to convert the Indian Congress Leaders that Britain really wanted to give over control to the Indians. A batch of inquiries remained such as why the alteration now? Besides, since Britain was merely get downing to retrieve from World War II, would this issue merely be pushed aside until their ain personal businesss are looked after? Ghandi was hopeful yet a spot doubting. ( Attenborough ) # 8220 ; Those of us who had been hammering on the doors of the India Office for old ages by had an feeling of a great alteration of attitude. Up to 1945, she had felt that the attitude of official Britain was: of class, we are ready to convey the Congress leaders ( or more likely they would state: The Hindu leaders, including the Congress and your friends Ghandi and Nehru # 8217 ; ) into full partnership anytime ; but you see what happens. They can non hold with the Muslims. Equally long as that goes on, we are bound to go on our rule. # 8217 ; And in unofficial conversation, what they seemed to be stating was: There will neer be understanding so long as we can anticipate. Full self-determination can non be expected for another twenty old ages or more. The present Congress leaders are an impossible batch in any instance. We don # 8217 ; t believe they represent much except as problem shapers. It is far better for the 1000000s of India that British regulation should go on, for se lf-determination could merely convey struggle and inefficiency and mass famishment. So please halt your starry-eyed and foolish idealism about their capacity to regulate themselves. # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( Alexander 126 ) In February 1946, it was announced that three Cabinet members of Britain # 8217 ; s three major parties would shortly be go forthing to travel to India to negociate a colony. They wanted to see such things like how India was close up after the war and the demands of India # 8217 ; s parties. Reginald Sorensen was one of the members of the deputation. For old ages, Sorensen was the one member in the House of Commons who would plead the Indian Congress position in Parliament. The members of the House of Commons found his positions to be # 8220 ; really extreme. # 8221 ; These members of the deputation appeared to be rather friendly towards the Indians and their hopes. They were merely as Miller 2 good to Jinnah as they were to Ghandi. Their trip helped reassure some but a batch of the Indian patriots were still much excessively doubting to be so easy persuaded. ( Alexander 126 ) On March 15, 1946, Prime Minister Attlee said # 8220 ; India must take what will be her future fundamental law. I hope that the Indian people may elect to stay within the British Commonwealth # 8230 ; . But if she does so elect it must be by her ain free will # 8230 ; . If, on the other manus, she elects for independency, in our position she has a right to make so # 8230 ; . We are really aware of the rights of the minorities, and minorities should be able to populate free from fright. On the other manus, we can non let a minority to put a veto in the progress of the majority. # 8221 ; ( Alexander 128 ) Yet people were still doubting. It sounded better than what Britain normally says but they were traveling to wait and be convinced when the members of the Cabinet arrived and on March 24, 1946 they did. Lord Pethick-Lawrence ( the Secretary State for India ) , Sir Stafford Cripps and A.V. Alexander arrived in India. The trip was expected to merely last a month but alternatively, they stayed for three. They worked really difficult, even maintaining busy through India # 8217 ; s really hot months. Cripps suffered a dislocation which resulted in a hebdomad of reorganizing but so they persevered stayed to complete their work, turn outing that they were serious this clip. ( Alexander 128 ) When the Cabinet Mission arrived they talked to anyone who wanted to be heard and so settled down to speak to Ghandi and Jinnah. Ghandi told the Mission that he wanted the immediate release of political captives and making off with the salt revenue enhancement. This showed that the demands of the hapless were a large concern to him and the party. ( Attenborough ) He told them that Jinnah can organize any authorities he wanted in hopes of maintaining the state integral and avoid separation. Equally good as to assist ease the concerns of the Muslims. The British wondered about the other minority spiritual groups and Gandhi replied that a strong Congress authorities, lead by Jawaharlal Nehru, was determined to do India a secular province. Besides, Muslims were among his closest of friends so, with a authorities led by such a adult male, minority spiritual groups had nil to fear. The British were non persuaded by Gandhi, Congress and Muslim League, an understanding was non reached in their first unit of ammunition of negotiations in April. Another unit of ammunition was organized for May in Simla. ( Brown 44 ) Gandhi rounded up 30 people to be on his staff for the negotiations, something unusual for a adult male who works with the bare lower limit. The negotiations went back and Forth. They would make an understanding and so person would happen a enlistment and things would non be agreed upon. Cabinet Mission emphasized the importance and demand to maintain India united and hence rejected the Muslim League # 8217 ; s demand for separation. The Mission # 8217 ; s declaration for the demand of separation was that # 8220 ; The Union of India, including all the Princely States every bit good as the states, would hold authorization over foreign personal businesss, defense mechanism, and communications, with power to roll up gross for these intents. Next, the state would be divided into three groups ; a north-west group of states, a north-east group and the remainder. In the north-west, the bulk of the population wold be Muslims, and in the north-east Muslims and Hindus would be about equal. Provincial liberty would be forced into a group against its will. Therefore, although Assam, a state with a bulk of Hindus, was provisionally assigned to the north-east group with Bengal, it could make up ones mind to choose out of it and stay with the chief group of peninsular India. Provision was besides made for the acquiring up of a constitution- Miller 3 doing organic structure. The process laid down was as follows. In the first topographic point, the provincial representatives would run into in three subdivisions. These subdivisions would so continue to settle Provincial Fundamental laws and make up ones mind whether any group fundamental law should be set up for those states. This was coupled with a proviso giving the freedom to Provinces to choose out of the group, sometime after the election under the new fundamental law to be framed by bulk of the representatives of the Provinces in the subdivision under the new constitution. # 8221 ; ( Alexander 134 ) Gandhi liked this program at first. He thought it was good that the Cabinet Mission devised something that would allow India reign freely. However, he so changed his head on the program stating that he thinks that alternatively of Province # 8217 ; s holding the freedom, either the Congress leaders or Jinnah and the Muslim League have the power and allow them make up ones mind what lies in India # 8217 ; s hereafter and what powers and freedoms the states would hold. Jinnah said they would non give their answer to the program until the Working Committee comes into session which it would make in 10 yearss. Ten yearss subsequently, a missive came to the Mission and it was the answer from the League saying that they accept the program as a measure towards Pakistan. However, more misinterpretations and non entire understanding led to the trade falling through. Gandhi still wanted Jinnah to organize the authorities but Lord Pethick-Lawrence thought this unrealistic. Lord Pethick-Lawrence and Gandhi seemed unable to understand each other. Lord Pethick-Lawrence thought that every bit long as he was Secretary of State, he could non merely manus over the power to the most popular individual. He was traveling to make it by the constitutional methods. He wanted to move in a manner that would fulfill both the Congress and the League. ( Brown 52 ) Jinnah thought they were being betrayed so he planned a Direct Action Day of protest. This occurred around the center of August in Calcutta, where both faiths were every bit balanced. The consequence was a batch of bloodshed, distributing all the manner to Bengal. Hindus where being driven from their places and some were killed. Gandhi went at that place to seek and halt it believing that T he best attack was to travel from small town to village and speak to the Muslims and Hindus. He persuaded Muslims to halt combat and to get down handling the Hindus as their brothers. He wanted the Hindus to return and reconstruct their places. Jinnah gave Gandhi nil but resistance in this, about like he wanted to maintain the combat traveling. He believed the Muslims and Hindus needed separate states and the killing proved this. He wanted Muslims to hold their ain State of Pakistan and for the minority Hindus to travel where they are a bulk. In the neighbouring state of Bengal, which was a Hindu bulk, the Hindus were butchering the Muslims. ( Alexander 144 ) Ghandi arrived in Noakhali on October 1946 and stayed until March 1947. He started his pilgrims journey from small town to village in January 1947. March 2, 1947, he left for Bihar because intelligence of the slaughters had reached him. Fed up, he announced that he would get down a fast and would non halt until the killing ceased. This fast had an immediate consequence on the violent death but the after-effects were awful. So much that the persuasion of Muslims to return to their places was about impossible. The Muslim League did non desire them to because this was one more measure for them in acquiring Pakistan. ( Brown 57 ) Gandhi told them that he believed that # 8220 ; # 8230 ; India was one state, non two. Hindus and Muslims had lived in the same villages up and down the state for centuries ; they were inextricably mixed up together. And although they lived a distinguishable societal life and barely Miller 4 intermarried # 8230 ; in the small towns they lived on good footings ; public violences were recent # 8230 ; the demand for Pakistan was a strictly political demand, invented by political leaders # 8230 ; . He was determined to win the two communities back to decent neighborliness or dice in the attempt. # 8221 ; ( Alexander 144 ) In Bihar, this was where he became every bit outspoken as of all time. He merely would non accept the Hindu # 8217 ; s account of justification which they said was retaliation for Noakhali. He besides would non accept the Muslims stating that they could neer populate with Hindus once more. He was determined to acquire the Muslims back in their places and peace restored. He did this with considerable sum of success. However, Jinnah did non hold on his terminal. He kept his # 8220 ; direct action # 8221 ; traveling and it spread from one country to another. From 1945-47, things were really tense with Acts of the Apostless of force repeating hebdomad after hebdomad. ( Alexander 145 ) Knowing that things weren # 8217 ; t acquiring better, Prime Minister Attlee announced on February 20, 1947, that the British Government will manus over power to India no subsequently than June 1948. He said he would instead see it travel to one beginning of power but if it had to be divided into states, sobeit. Hearing this, Jinnah went right to work. He had the bulk in Bengal but he wanted the bulk in the about equal Hindu-Muslim rationed Punjab. So he started public violences at that place on the Hindus and Sikhs. The Hindus and Sikhs practiced non-violence so in bend were walked over. This would be the bosom of West Pakistan. ( Attenborough ) To Gandhi # 8217 ; s discouragement, he had another issue to cover with now. Some loyal Hindus wanted to divide and hold merely Hindus. Precisely what the Muslim League wanted except change by reversaling the faith. Gandhi still had to contend for one state against the League, but now against loyal Hindus every bit good. 1947 was a twelvemonth where there was nutrient deficit in India. Some of the British authorities who supported India and Gandhi wanted to provide them with nutrient but Gandhi refused stating that India needs to larn to cover with her ain affairs if they are traveling to be an independent state. # 8220 ; Better, he said, that 1000000s should decease, instead than that India should travel hat in manus to the outside world. # 8221 ; ( Alexander 148 ) Lord Mountbatten, the new and more concerted Secretary of State, thought the Oklahoman the handing over power to India the better. No nutrient could be grown until a new authorities was formed. Lord Mountbatten believed at that clip that India # 8217 ; s integrity could non be saved. Separation seemed inevitable and Nehru # 8217 ; s authorities was besides willing to accept this now. He was tired of holding the Leagues holding his programs. ( Alexander 149 ) Still keeping strong on his beliefs, Gandhi had a conversation between himself and the Congress Socialists. # 8220 ; Ghandi stuck to his strong beliefs to the terminal. The socialists said to him: You think that the British power need non remain on in India for another 13 months? # 8217 ; ( mention to Attlee # 8217 ; s retreat no later than June 1948 ) . Gandhi replied: Quite so. If their connotation is absolutely honest, they should non trouble oneself as to what would go on to the state after than. The state is rather capable of taking attention of itself. They can discontinue with a clear conscience. # 8217 ; Socialists: The Congress leaders have said that the British can non travel off without conveying about a colony between the Congress and the League. # 8217 ; Gandhi: Supposing no understanding can be arrived at between the Congress and the League even after 13 months, would that be a ground for them to remain on in India even after the day of the month? I, hence, say: Let them discontinue now, otherwise their traveling even after Miller 5 13 months will be problematical. # 8217 ; Socialists: But if they go, to whom are they to manus over power? # 8217 ; Gandhi: They can manus over power either to the Muslim League or to the Congress, I do non mind which. If they manus it over to the Congress, the Congress will come to a merely colony with the League. But even if they make it over to the League, the Congress has nil to fear. # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( Alexander 149 ) He felt so strongly about this that he was willing to allow the Cabinet Mission # 8217 ; s program fold. He wanted them to go forth before the old set day of the month of June 1948, but without stating separation is necessary. The day of the month was moved in front but separation was the consequence. Everyone accepted, even Congress, although it was with great reluctance. The one status by Congress was in West Bengal where Hindu was a bulk and in East Punjab where Sikhs and Hindus were in a bulk every bit good, they must remain with India. They did this because of the League # 8217 ; s insisting that where the bulk was belonged to either side. Jinnah approved of this. ( Brown 66 ) All of these negotiations, though, were taking Gandhi from what he called his existent work ; to bridge the spread among Hindus and Muslims. Gandhi was doing his manner to Noakhali to carry through a promise to decrease the frights of the Hindus there on Independence Day, August 15. On his manner, Suhrawaray, Chief Minister of Bengal came to speak to Gandhi. He said if he stayed in Calcutta with him, they could accomplish absolute peace. Gandhi made a promise to the Hindus in Noakhali and that could non be broken unless understandings were made. Suhrawaray got the of import people of the Muslim League to state there would be no force in Noakhali so Gandhi stayed in Calcutta. ( Their program of action was to travel and speak to Hindus and remain at that place until they invited the Muslims back. Then they would travel to a different portion of the metropolis and talk to the Muslims and remain at that place until they invited the Hindus back. ( Alexander 153 ) Their topographic point o f stay was in an old dirty sign of the zodiac in Beliaghata. It happened that it used to belong to a Muslim household so the Hindus instantly were enraged. Hindus met with Gandhi and talked all dark on August, 13. Not much was reached but it was late and Gandhi dismissed them, holding them come back in the forenoon. On their return, they had a wholly different head set which was the understanding for peace. This was all one twenty-four hours off from Independence Day. ( Attenborough ) While Gandhi was outside giving his supplications to the people, intelligence was delivered to him that in another portion of the metropolis comrademanship among Hindus and Muslims was taking portion as they prepared for Independence Day. Gandhi and peace prevailed. That trip is known as the # 8220 ; miracle of Calcutta. # 8221 ; ( Brown 72 ) On Independence Day, Gandhi celebrated in his ain manner which was another fast. He purified himself and rejoiced in it. He neer did acquire his want of retaining the integrity of India, but his power and feelings led the land back to peaceableness once more. ( Attenborough ) # 8220 ; An oculus for an oculus will stop up doing the whole universe blind. # 8221 ; ( Attenborough ) That is what Gandhi would state about force and contending back. He was a really good adult male and he accomplished more in one life-time than most could make in several. He inspired the Indians to contend for their right of regulating themselves. He fought hard to seek and work with the Muslim League but peace was in hazard and everyone was ready to accept India # 8217 ; s separation. He was ever at work, seeking to do this chilling universe a better topographic point to be. He did acquire his dream of an independent India because he was the nisus force behind the whole thing. Plants Cited Alexander, Horace. Gandhi Through Western Eyes. New York: Asia Publishing House, 1969. Brown, Judith M. Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope. New Haven and London: Yale University, 1989. Ghandi Dir. Richard Attenborough. With Ben Kingsley. Columbia Pictures, 1974.

The Bible Among Myth free essay sample

Before then, Scholars believed that the Old Testament was true and not compared to any other, however, now scholars questioned this belief and have begun to believe that the Old Testament writings are similar to the other religions of its day. [1] Oswalt continues by discussing a most important philosophical difference within the Old Testament and its contemporaries. He states that there is a clear distinction between â€Å"essence† and â€Å"accident. † [2] Oswalt states that an accident can be something as similar as hair, while self-consciousness is an essential. To remove an accident will not cause change but to remove an essential, this thing will cease to be itself. [3] - The author establishes to the reader the conception of myth also imitating the option that scholars continue to differ greatly on this definition; Oswalt insists that this ought to not dissuade the individual from seeking a good definition of the word. In order for him to define this word, he list four basic characteristics of a myth. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bible Among Myth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. John N. Oswalt, The Bible Among the Myths, Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2009, 11-12 2. Ibid, 13. 3. Ibid. The first characteristic; mankind having little or no intrinsic value and the second characteristic was the relative lack of interest in historical studies. The third is the practice of magic and involvement with the occult. The fourth is the refusal to accept responsibility for individual actions. [4] Oswalt concludes his introduction with a substantial claim. He emphasizes that theological claims are inseparable from historical claims. [5] Oswalt states that trustworthiness must be contingent upon both the theological and historical claims. If the historical claims are patently false, then no credence ought to be given to the theological decrees, In the end, I am not advocating a â€Å"the Bible says it, and I believe it, and that settles it† point of view, although those who disagree with me may argue that to be the case. What I am advocating is a willingness to allow the Bible to determine the starting place of the investigation. [6] CHAPTER ONE - The first chapter discusses the Bible in milieu of its surroundings and contribution to society as a whole. Oswalt mentions that there are many contributions to way the Western world views reality. The Bible, however, is the most important contributor. [7] 4. Ibid, 14. 5. Ibid, 16. 6. Ibid, 17. 7. Ibid, 21. Greek Thought: The Greek philosophers of the early centuries brought in this way of thinking that was to have a profound effect on the western world. The belief, in a â€Å"universe† instead of a â€Å"polyverse,† adding, simple cause and effect, as well as non-contradiction were three of their most significant contributions. [8] Hebrew Thought: While the Greek philosophers were struggling to express their point of view, the Hebrews were also articulating their beliefs by way of the prophets. Their beliefs were as follows: There is only one God, God is the sole Creator of all that is, God exist apart from creation, God has made himself known to his people, God has made his will known to his people, and God rewards and punishes people for following or disobeying his will. [9] Combing Greek and Hebrew Thought: - Oswalt states; when the Gospel of Jesus presupposed the Israelite worldview, penetrated into the Greco-Roman world, this set the stage for the combination of the Greek and the Hebrew worldviews in the distinctively Christian way. The Greeks’ rational thought combined with Hebrew people’s belief in monotheism. [10] 8. Ibid, 22. 9. Ibid, 23. 10. Ibid, 25 Oswalt argues that logic was not completely developed until after people realized that God not only was the sole creator of the universe, but was also completely separate from the creation. What is most important is that science and logic cannot stand on their own and if they attempt to then this will lead to self-destruction. Oswalt gives an example; Hiroshima and the Buchenwald concentration camp and humanity’s achievements when it is devoid of God’s influence. [11] CHAPTER TWO In this second chapter, Oswalt discusses his definition of myth. However before Oswalt begins this definition he begins to argue the very question with regard to the myth and why it is questioned at this time. Oswalt mentions that fifty years ago there would not be such a question. However by the 1960’s and as more scholars begin to research the Bible, more questions aroused. [12] - Oswalt wishes to apply the appropriate classification to the Bible. Unequivocally, he describes whether or not the Bible should be considered a myth or not. In order to properly answer the question, Oswalt list several definitions posed by scholars today. As Oswalt listed these definitions, he also explains why he feels that they are inadequate. 11. Ibid, 27. 12. Ibid, 29-30. The category of definitions falls under one group known ashistorical-Philosophical and they are as follows; 1. Etymological based on a false and fictitious deity or event. 2. Sociological-Theological – the truth is seen as relative and something is seen as true if it is seen by others. 3. Literary the events are not seen as right or wrong. Instead, the narrative employs heavy use of symbolism to express its meaning. [13] - These definitions all have one thing in common which is at their core; they all believe in the philosophy of continuity. Oswalt states that continuity is a philosophical principle that asserts that all things are continuous with each other. Oswalt uses an example of a person being â€Å"one with the tree. † Not merely symbolically or spiritually, but actually. The tree is me; I am the tree. [14] 13. Ibid, 33, 36, 38. 14. Ibid, 43. CHAPTER THREE Chapter three discusses Continuity as the center of topic. Carrying over from chapter two the one thing that myths have in common at their core is the presence of continuity. This way of thinking is viewed as all things are viewed as related in some form or fashion. There are three major forces (humanity, nature, and the divine) this is where everything exists within the circle. 15] The effects of continuity are numerous and varied in accordance. One of these effects is looking at signs in nature. The effects are attempted to be explained by weather patterns, floods, fire, plagues and the celestial beings. Other examples are the effects of fertility and potency and the preoccupation of the people thereof. Oswalt uses the example of how sexuality is so central to peopleâ₠¬â„¢s lives today is a reason for this effect of continuity. [16] - Finally, Oswalt deals straightforwardly with what he feels are the common features of myth. Excluding a few exceptions, myths all share the belief that their existence is based on Polytheism. Which is the belief of more than one god or and many gods. The second is these gods in the form of images. The use of symbols and icons are believed strongly in order to interact with nature and the divine. The gods themselves are not view highly in fact view lowly, they are not seen as actual beings. Confliction is what is needed in order for the universe to evolve and myths have a low view of mankind. [17] 15. Ibid, 48. 16. Ibid, 50-56. 17. Ibid, 57-59. CHAPTER FOUR In chapter four Oswalt reverts back to characteristics of the Bible. Here he argues with the topic of transcendence, where God (who has been in existence before the universe) interacts with all things thereof. In this Biblical thought process there is uniqueness with regard to the modern-day belief systems in many ways. However one must bear in mind that the Old Testament is remarkably self-consistent regarding the things it maintains about the nature of reality. [18] Oswalt provides the reader with a broaden list of some common characteristics. Monotheism, of course one of the most obvious characteristics of the Bible that stands out among other religions. With the exception of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam which are all directly correlated from the Bible. Most other religions are polytheistic. The existence of Yahweh being the only God was a defining characteristic for the Old Testament and the Bible as a whole. [19] - Another characteristic of the Old Testament theory is that God was in existence prior to the all creation. All that exist is after God and God created it. Oswalt states that if the world is full of chaos that it is not due to God but the spirits of this world. Oswalt mentions that the Bible is a position to insist that the problem of humanity is not a tragic fatedness to evil, but a spirit that prefers evil to good. [20] 18. Ibid, 63. 19. Ibid, 64-65. 20. Ibid, 66. CHAPTER FIVE In chapter five Oswalt argues that the Bible is totally different from other religious writings and is unique in its self. Oswalt further discusses the issues of ethics, In the Ancient Near East; the non-biblical worldviews held two sets of ethics. One set is related to how people interacted with each other. The other set of ethics is related to how people acted upon the deities. In Bible ethics behavior was defined by God and God alone and not subject to the social changes in society, they obey God. [21] Oswalt discusses some of the similarities between Israelites and non-Israelites. Some of the practices were quite similar. The sacrificial ceremonial, the manner of their offerings, the layout of the tabernacle and temple and also the decoration of the temple all seem similar to those of the Israelite and non-Israelite people. Their practices of expression and thought pattern were similar to where Oswalt indorses his belief that these areas are incidental and not essential to the basic identities of the people. [22] CHAPTER SIX - Chapter six introduces the Bible and History, Oswalt points out the there is a distinction, between myths and the Bible, whereas the myths are based on many gods, the Bible is based on one God. History and the Bible run parallel to each other. Oswalt argues the idea that to state the Bible is not â€Å"historical â€Å"is something of an oxymoron. 23] 21. Ibid, 85-87. 22. Ibid, 91-97. 23. Ibid, 112. Oswalt uses Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language to describe the definition that he feels would best fit history. History functions on different levels. Its connections could be to someone or something or both. Yet the Bible is its own form of history correlated with mankind and their surroundings. [24] CHAPTER SEVEN AND EIGHT Oswalt attempts to address some of the issues that were used against the Bible concerning its historical stance. Oswalt does mentions some gaps, progress and lack of progress, whether the Bible is â€Å"history-like† or â€Å"historical fiction† as well as how it relates to revelation and supernatural events and whether Israel is unique in these areas. [25] Oswalt makes the case in the eight chapter that the Bible is historical and completely accurate. Oswalt states this matter is of the utmost importance. While one would state that there are sections of the Bible that are not historical for example; poetic and wisdom, these too are historical because they describe people, relationships weaknesses and failures. The entire Bible is historical especially when it pertains to the history of the Jesus Christ. - The author states that one could argue German distinction between Historie (defining what happen) and Geschichte (telling what is going on) as being valid. [26] 24. Ibid, 112-115. 25. Ibid, 138-141. 26. Ibid, 157-168. The conclusion of this section determines that history is inseparable from theology in the Bible. Theology is in relation to the historical events. The author uses an exceptional example with regard to the resurrection to support this conclusion. He directs the reader to one of the epistles written by the Apostle Paul to the church of Corinth. The Apostle Paul states that one’s faith cannot exist without a historical belief in the resurrection of Jesus Christ. [27] If Christ was not raised then your faith is futile and you are still in your sins. (1 Cor. 15:17) CHAPTER NINE AND TEN - In chapter nine the author discusses alternative views pertaining to the biblical narrative as it is known today. He began with the arguments of John Van Seters. Professor Van Seters emphasizes that the Bible had to have been altered by Jewish priest after Babylonian exile. [28] Oswalt mentions that the second is Frank Cross who assumes that the Bible used to be an epic poem, however was changed into the Old Testament’s current state at some point. [29] The third is William Dever who believes that Israel’s belief systems were identical to Canaanite beliefs and the Christian scholars have overlooked certain facts throughout history to portray an inaccurate account of ancient Israel. 30] Then, finally, Oswalt discusses Mark Smith and his opinion of Israel’s belief system. Mark Smith argues that Israel’s beliefs are directly originated from the Canaanite’s polytheistic beliefs. [31] 27. Ibid, 170. 28. Ibid, 173. 29. Ibid, 175. 30. Ibid, 177-180. 31. Ibid, 181-184. The author concludes this book in chapter ten where he reiterates his main points taken from previous chapters. He stresses the major theme is that c ontrast between biblical and non-biblical views of reality. The biblical view is deep-seated in transcendence and the non-biblical view is deep-seated in continuity. 31] In the end, we may differ on the biblical worldview and theology, given to them, but what matters in the end is how we answer the following questions: Is there a God? Does he have a will for our lives? Has he made known that will to us in intelligible actions and speech in time and space? If we answer â€Å"no† then the entire enterprise is bootless. However, if our answer is â€Å"yes† the question of what God’s will is and how he has chosen to reveal it becomes one of absolutely ultimate significance. [32] - 31. Ibid, 185. 32. Ibid, 194. REFERENCES 1. Oswalt, John, N. , The Bible Among the Myths Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2009, 11-12 2. Ibid, 13. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid, 14. 5. Ibid, 16. 6. Ibid, 17. 7. Ibid, 21. 8. Ibid, 22. 9. Ibid, 23. 10. Ibid, 25. 11. Ibid, 27. 12. Ibid, 29-30. 13. Ibid, 33, 36, 38. 14. Ibid, 43. 15. Ibid, 48. 16. Ibid, 50-56. 17. Ibid, 57-59. 18. Ibid, 63. 19. Ibid, 64-65. 20. Ibid, 66. 21. Ibid, 85-87. 22. Ibid, 91-97. 23. Ibid, 112. 24. Ibid, 112-115. 25. Ibid, 138-141. 26. Ibid, 157-168. 27. Ibid, 170. 28. Ibid, 172. 29. Ibid, 175. 30. Ibid, 177-180. 31. Ibid, 181-184. 32. Ibid, 185 33. Ibid, 194

Restorative Justice essays

Restorative Justice essays Presented at the National Institution of Corrections Teleconference on Restorative Justice, December 12, 1996, were the "Basic Values of Restorative Justice". They are as follows: (1). Crime is an offense against human relationships. (2). Victims and the community are central to the justice process. (3). The first priority of the justice system is to assist victims. (4). The second priority is to restore the community, to the degree possible. (5). The offender has personal responsibility to victims and to the community for crimes committed. (6). Stakeholders share responsibilities for Restorative Justice through partnerships for action. (7). The offender will develop improved competency and understanding as a result of the Restorative Justice experience. Restorative Justice is an intellectual rather than an emotional approach to criminal justice. It is an avenue of reform that is comparable to an infant in its evolution. Medically we still are exploring the human brain and the linkages in it that create morality, reciprocity, and aggression. Only learned men and women without prejudices can in most cases judge whether another man is capable of reform or is a true threat to our societal goals. Kay Pranis, the Restorative Justice Planner from the Minnesota Department of Corrections, believes like others in the reformative movement in the concept of building a new understanding of justice based on a foundation of democracy, caring, and mutual responsibility. The state of Vermont is blazing, and will continue to blaze, new frontiers in the Reformative Justice Model that is now implemented in the states correctional policies. John F. Gorczyk, Commissioner of the Vermont Department of Corrections, and Dave Peebles, the director of planning for the department, opened a conference on July 25, 1998 at Dartmouth College on Reparative Justice. They presented the theory an ...

Racial Tension Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Racial Tension - Research Paper Example ere are countries such as South Africa that have formed policies of positive action and empowerment that only aims to the black without attending to the needs of the white (Grunsell, 203). The claims of white discrimination have been through the several murders of white farmers in those countries. Investigations have however thrown away the argument as they think that the murder have been through motivations in robbery rather than the thought racial tension. Some whites due to racial tension have tried to rewrite history. There was once a claim that blacks were the main cause of apartheid. This shows the extent that there have been racial discrimination and all that was thought to be bad in the old times were linked to the blacks. In some of the countries such as South Africa, racial tension has been seen to grow as a result of economic stagnation in the country. In these economies, there is higher rate of unemployment that is mostly linked to the blacks. The economic growth has been too higher to reduce the rate of unemployment in the blacks. In such countries the level of unemployment continues to rise in blacks while the white are still privileged and are given the first opportunities in the job sector. Racism is blamed for these occurrences. Many whites see the privileges that they have and the policies that favor them and despite the wealth that they have. They see the black as those that are not exposed to any privilege in job sec tor (Grunsell, 209). After the blacks receiving democracy in most of their countries, there still has been ruling by the whites. Studies that have been carried out have brought out the fact that there is a belief that the whites and the blacks will be difficult to come to trust each other. Policies that have been put forward to solve the issues of racism have failed as there are overpowered by the mistrust that occur between the two groups. In the current situation there is the situation of racial tension all over the world. There